Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2026.085

Physical characteristics and the relationship between genetic diversity, phenotypic diversity, heritability test and morphological character in several varieties of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) 

Baharudin1 , Abdul Fattah , I. Nyoman Widiarta , Susilawati , Ayyub Ar Rahman* , Dwi P. Widiastuti , Twenty Liana , Muhamad Hidayanto , Khojin Supriadi , Sri Wahyuni Budiarti , M. Sudjak Saenong , Abdi Negara , Asni Ardjanhar , Rahmi H , Muh. Asaad , Entis Sutisna , Ida Andriani , Amiruddin Syam , La Karimuna , Robiatul Adawiyah

Abstract Plant characteristics, genetic diversity, and heritability are some of the factors that influence rice growth and production. This study aims to determine the physical characteristics and the relationship between genotype variants, heritability tests, and genetic progress that can contribute to rice production in lowland irrigated rice fields. This study was conducted from October 2022 to March 2023 in North Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. The design used in this study was a Randomized Block Design with 7 varieties and 3 replications. The research data were analyzed based on the procedures of variance, genetic variance, heritability, agromorphological characteristics, partial correlation, and cross tests. The results obtained showed that the highest plant height characteristics were found in Ciherang (110 cm), the highest plant age was found in Ciherang (120 days). The characteristics of the 7 varieties tested, lodging properties, 57.14% were somewhat resistant to lodging and 42.86% were resistant to lodging. Pest resistance properties, tungro resistance (8.04%), resistance to brown planthopper (57.14%), and resistance to leaf blight (85.71%). Furthermore, regarding the correlation relationship, dry grain yield is positively correlated with the number of productive tillers, plant height, panicle length, grain weight, number of empty grains, full grains, and weight per 1000 grains. The genetic variation values of plant height, number of panicles, grain weight, and weight per 1000 grains are higher in the Inpari-7, Inpari-11, Inpari-13, Inpari-14, Inpari-15, Inpari-20 varieties. The highest dry grain yield is found in Inpari-13, Inpari-15, and Inpari20 compared to Ciherang. Keywords: Rice variety, Low land rice, Characteristics, Genetic diversity, Heritability, Grain yield

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Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 17 July 2025 Sec. Crop Biology and Sustainability
Volume 9 - 2025 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2025.1615648

Physical characteristics of several corn varieties and the interaction between planting patterns and varieties on pest attacks Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and ant population Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius)

Abd.Fattah, I. Nyoman Widiarta 1, M. Yasin , Sahardi Mulia, M. Basir Nappu, Surianto Sipi 

Muhammad Fitrah Irawan Hannan, Erwin Najamuddin, Idaryani Idaryani, Herniwato Herniwati, Syafruddin, Paesal, Susilawati, Yudhistira Nugraha, M Sudjak Saenong, Didik Harnowo, Muh Asaad, Warda, Nurjanani, Wanti Dewayani, Amiruddin Syam 

Abstract. The selection of superior maize varieties and appropriate planting arrangements plays a crucial role in improving crop productivity and managing pest infestations. Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) is a major pest in maize cultivation, while natural predators such as Oecophylla smaragdina (weaver ants) offer potential for biological control. This study aimed to examine the effects of two planting models and seven maize varieties on agronomic traits, grain yield, pest damage, and predator abundance. A split-plot randomized block design was implemented with three replications. The main plots consisted of two planting arrangements: the conventional tile pattern (70 cm × 40 cm) and the legowo 2:1 system ((50 cm × 35 cm) × 90 cm). Sub-plots included seven maize varieties: Srikandi Kuning, Pulut Uri, Provit A1, Anoman, Srikandi Ungu, Bisma, and Sukmaraga, each grown in 150 m2 plots. Results showed significant varietal differences in plant height (168.78 -219.30 cm), leaf area (6.60 -7.85 cm²), flowering time (45.33 -49.00 days), and ear height (89.42 -119.32 cm). The legowo 2:1 planting model significantly increased grain yield (7.89 t ha−1) compared to the tile model (5.38 t ha−1 and reduced leaf (19.12% vs. 21.26%) and cob damage (11.58% vs. 13.09%) by S. frugiperda. Larval density varied among varieties, with Bisma showing the lowest incidence (0.43 larvae per plant; 12.32% leaf damage, 8.80% cob damage) and Sukmaraga the highest (1.23 larvae per plant; 25.23% leaf, 15.03% cob damage). Weaver ant abundance was negatively correlated with pest population and damage intensity. Biplot analysis indicated that Bisma performed best under the legowo system, while Anoman showed optimal performance under the tile model. These findings suggest that integrating the appropriate planting configuration with resistant maize varieties can enhance productivity and reduce pest damage, offering valuable strategies for sustainable maize cultivation.

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Environmentally Friendly Pest Control Technology for Two Major Rice Pests Rattus argentiventer and White Rice Stem Borer Scirpophaga innotatain Rainfed Rice Fields in Indonesia

Abdi Negara, Abdul Fattah, Asni Ardjanhar, Susilawati, Rahmini, Khojin Supriadi, Muhammad Ace Suhendar, M. Yasin, M. Sudjak Saenong, M. Basir Nappu, Dwi Purnamawati Widiastuti, Idaryani, Twenty Liana, Arif Anshori, Sri Wahyuni Budiarti, Muhamad Hidayanto, Bagus K. Udiarto and Muslimin

Abstract. The types of pests that reduce rice grain yields are the rat R. argentiventer and the rice pest S. innotata. This chapter aims to provide information on technology to control rats and white rice stem borers effectively, efficiently, and environmentally friendly. The results of the study showed that the most effective control of S. innotata pests using botanical insecticides was the use of neem seed extract and yam bean seeds with a rice damage rate of around 13.4% and lower than the control which reached 15.24–19.05% in the vegetative phase and the generative phase only reached 9.36% and 11.41% and much lower than the control (20.00%). The most effective and environmentally friendly rat pest control technology is the use of the Trap Barrier System (TBS) and the Linear Trap Barrier System (LTBS), which can reduce the rat population by around 25–65%. Rat pest control with eagle predators (Tyto alba) can reduce the level of damage to rice plants due to rat pest attacks by around 2-5 rats per day.

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The Impact Of Maize Weevil Attacks On Corn Commodity And Its Danger Upon Food Safety And Health

Ayyub Arrahman and M.Sudjak Saenong

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The Important Role of Using Resistant Variety in Handling Beetle Prest

M.Sudjak Saenong and Ayyub Arrahman
Maros Research Institute for Food Crops

Seminar International

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E3S Web Conf.
Volume 361, 20223rd International Conference on Agribusiness and Rural Development (IConARD 2022)

Components of environment affecting the reproduction of powder beetle Sitophilus zeamais (motsch.)

Ayyub Arrahman*, Amelia Sebayang, F. Jamaluddin, Hishar Mirzam, Nurasiah Djaenddin, Suriani, Syahrir Pakki and Sudjak Saenong

Indonesian Cereals Research Institute, Jl. Dr. Ratulangi 274, Maros, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Several factors that significantly affect the reproduction of powder post beetles were food, moisture content, temperature, humidity, light, air/aeration, and the presence of natural enemies. This paper reviews the environment of the components that affect the reproduction of the powder post beetles Sitophilus zeamasi Motsch. Carbohydrates (sucrose and fructose) are the most significant energy source for the reproductive system and life span. In contrast, proteins consisting of amino acids such as arginine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, histidine, phenylalanine, methionine, valine, and threonine, as well as components of fat, fatty acids, and sterols, are needed by insects for their energy supply and wing growth. The development of the powder post beetle population is rapid if the moisture content of the stored material is more than 15%. Temperature is also very influential on the reproduction of powder post beetles. The optimum humidity for this pest is around 75%. The next component is light, whereas light (dark and bright conditions) affects insect behavior in choosing food and reproducing (copulation and laying eggs). Another component is oxygen, whereby oxygen levels in the air must be more than 2%. If the CO2 level in the storage room is above 40%, then the pest in all stages will perish.

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2nd ICFST 2021 IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 911 (2021) 012055 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/911/1/012055

Foraging ability of maize weevil in several varieties under dark and light conditions 

Amelia Sebayang, Ayyub Arrahman, Syahrir Pakki, M.Sudjak Saenong
Indonesian Cereal Research Institute (ICERI), Ministry of Agriculture
Email: amelia.sebayang@gmail.com

Abstract. Laboratory research to investigate the ability of maize weevil to find food source in the dark and light condition had been conducted in laboratory of pests and plan diseases of Indonesian Cereals Research Institute, Maros, South Sulawesi. This research was arranged in complete random design with three replications. There were six maize varieties put into small glasses and placed in circle within big jar and then invested with 100 heterogenous adult maize weevils in each jar. As a control, an empty glass was put in the center of glasses circle within the jar. Observation and calculation on living and dead maize weevils on each glass and outside glass was conducted with intervals of 24, 48 and 72 after maize weevil infestation. This research was performed in the light and dark condition. Result of the research showed that maize weevil ability to find their food sources was not determined by the light and dark. In addition, from this research, it was found that there were influence of corn variety as food resources, but this factor of variety as food resources needs to be examined further. The implication of this study are about the maize varieties attracted the weevil.

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1st International Conference on Sustainable Tropical Land Management IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 648 (2021) 012034 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/648/1/012034

Controlling maize weevil in corn plants by improving cultivation technology and postharvest handling

A Arrahman and M S Saenong
Indonesian Cereal Research Institute, Maros, Indonesia
E-mail: msudjaksaenong@gmail.com

Abstract: The maize weevil is corn pests that reduce production and damages the storage quality. Therefore, pest management should simultaneously be carried out by applying all available technologies. This pest can damage up to 30% of plant productivity, not including the value of losses due to decreased quality of hazardous materials for health and safety, both as feed and feed. Aflatoxin contamination for example, can be dangerous if consumed. This paper is a desk study that reviews some literature, attempts to describe the role of cultivation technology improvement, crop protection, optimum watering, phosphate fertilization, the technology of postharvest handling, management of water content of corn kernels, sanitation, cleanliness, warehouse management, pesticide use, and fumigation in reducing the scale of damage and increasing the added value of production, and improving the quality of stored materials so that they are safe to use, both as food and feed. The utilization of cultivation technology management and good postharvest handling will have an impact on controlling and reducing the damage quality of storage materials and increasing the safe product quality for both food and feed needs as well.

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1st International Conference on Sustainable Tropical Land Management IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 648 (2021) 012021 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/648/1/012021

The in-situ inventory of natural enemies at the corn plantation experimental garden of Balitsereal (Indonesian Cereal Research Institute)

M S Saenong1 , A Arrahman1 , S P Lestari2 and F Permatasari2

1 Indonesian Cereal Research Institute, Maros, Indonesia 2 Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Yogyakarta Muhammadiyah University E-mail: msudjaksaenong@gmail.com 

Abstract. The use of natural enemies can reduce the application of insecticides which have a negative influence on ecosystems and human health. The objective of this study is to inventory the insitu of the natural enemies in corn crops that found in the experimental station of Indonesian Cereals Research Institute (Balitsereal) in Maros, South Sulawesi. The observation plot used three replications by taking a sample of 30 plants for each replication, with a total plant observation of 90 units per block. The number of natural enemy populations obtained was recorded by counting the number of natural enemies to find out the total average number of natural enemy populations contained in the observation plot. The results showed that there were 11 types of natural enemies in corn crops namely Harmonia octomaculata (lady beetle), Menochilus sexmaculatus (lady beetle), Ophionea nigrofasciata (Schmidt-Goebel) (ground beetle), Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter (plant bug), Panstenon nr. Collaris Boucek (wasp), Araneus inustus (orb spider), Cardiochiles philippinensis (wasp), Phanerotoma sp. (wasp), Pipunculus mutillatus (big-headed fly), Harpalus pensylvanicus and Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens). The existance of the above natural enemies will be very usefull in decreasing the pesticide application in the fields. 

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 Advances inAgriculture, 2026; 2026:5582995

 Effect of Storage Duration on Sorghum Seed Quality: Seed Compositionand Storage Pest Activity

Nurnina Nonci | Endang GatiLestari | Amran Muis | Syafruddin | Sri Wahyuni | Surianto Sipi |Ramlah Arief | M. SudjakSaenong | Ahmad Muliadi

This study aimed to determine the effect of storage duration on sorghum seed quality, specifically focusing on weight loss and storage pest infestation, under laboratory conditions. Eight different sorghum cultivars (Kawali, Numbu, Suri 4, Super 1, Soper 6, Bioguma 1, Bioguma 2 and Bioguma 3) were tested, each with an initial moisture content of 12%. The experiment used a completely randomised design with five replications for each cultivar. Observations for weight loss and seed damage were performed at 1, 2 and 3 months of storage. Proximate analysis was also conducted to determine the ash, protein, fat and fibre content of the sorghum cultivars. All tested sorghum cultivars demonstrated slightly moderate tolerance for up to 3 months of storage, although some experienced increased weight loss during this period. The pest species responsible for damage to stored sorghum seeds was identified as Sitophilus oryzae. Significant correlations were found between weight loss and damaged seeds, damaged seeds and crude fibre content, weight loss and crude fat content, weight loss and crude fibre content, and ash and crude protein content. This study shows that while sorghum cultivars generally exhibit slightly moderate tolerance for up to 3 months of storage, they are susceptible to damage from S. oryzae. The research also identified key compositional factors, such as fibre and fat content, that influence seed damage and weight loss during storage.

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 Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology

Physical characteristics and the relationship between genetic diversity, phenotypic diversity, heritability test and morphological character in several varieties of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Baharudin1, Abdul Fattah1, I. Nyoman Widiarta1, Susilawati1, Ayyub Ar Rahman1*, Dwi P. Widiastuti1, Twenty Liana1, Muhamad Hidayanto1, Khojin Supriadi1, Sri Wahyuni Budiarti1, M. Sudjak Saenong1, Abdi Negara1, Asni Ardjanhar1, Rahmi H2, Muh. Asaad2, Entis Sutisna3, Ida Andriani4, Amiruddin Syam5, La Karimuna6, Robiatul Adawiyah6

Abstract

Plant characteristics, genetic diversity, and heritability are some of the factors that influence rice growth and production. This study aims to determine the physical characteristics and the relationship between genotype variants, heritability tests, and genetic progress that can contribute to rice production in lowland irrigated rice fields. This study was conducted from October 2022 to March 2023 in North Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. The design used in this study was a Randomized Block Design with 7 varieties and 3 replications. The research data were analyzed based on the procedures of variance, genetic variance, heritability, agromorphological characteristics, partial correlation, and cross tests. The results obtained showed that the highest plant height characteristics were found in Ciherang (110 cm), the highest plant age was found in Ciherang (120 days). The characteristics of the 7 varieties tested, lodging properties, 57.14% were somewhat resistant to lodging and 42.86% were resistant to lodging. Pest resistance properties, tungro resistance (8.04%), resistance to brown planthopper (57.14%), and resistance to leaf blight (85.71%). Furthermore, regarding the correlation relationship, dry grain yield is positively correlated with the number of productive tillers, plant height, panicle length, grain weight, number of empty grains, full grains, and weight per 1000 grains. The genetic variation values of plant height, number of panicles, grain weight, and weight per 1000 grains are higher in the Inpari-7, Inpari-11, Inpari-13, Inpari-14, Inpari-15, Inpari-20 varieties. The highest dry grain yield is found in Inpari-13, Inpari-15, and Inpari-20 compared to Ciherang.

Keywords: Rice variety, Low land rice, Characteristics, Genetic diversity, Heritability, Grain yield

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 TEKNOLOGI BUDIDAYA TANAMAN SERAI WANGI

 

Ayyub Arrahman dan M.Sudjak Saenong

Balai Penelitian Tanaman Serealia Maros

 

ABSTRAK

Tulisan ini mengulas beberapa rujukan yang menjelaskan prihal teknologi budidaya tanaman serai. Didalam tulisan ini juga dijelaskan akan manfaat tanaman serai sebagai bahan pestisida nabati, komoditas ekport dan status plasma nutfah dari tanaman serai yang terbaik.

HASIL-HASIL TEKNOLOGI PENELITIAN ULAT GRAYAK


Ayyub Arrahman

Balai Penelitian Tanaman Serealia Maros

PENDAHULUAN

Jagung merupakan sumber karbohidrat dan protein yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pangan , pakan ternak, dan bahan baku untuk industri. Akhir-akhir ini pemgembangan jagung di Indonesia semakin pesat sejalan dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan akan jagung khususnya untuk pakan ternak ( Subandi et al, 2001). Di lain pihak pengembangan jagung yang intensif juga mengakibatkan munculnya berbagai masalah baik penurunan produksi maupun kualitas biji. Penurunan produksi maupun kualitas biji jagung sangat ditentukan oleh faktor abiotik dan biotik, faktor biotik berupa hama dan penyakit.

Prosedur Penelitian Double Haploid Menggunakan Aplikasi Kolkisin

Lesty Ayu BidhariBalai Penelitian Tanaman Serealia

Teknologi double haploid menjadi bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari banyak program pemuliaan jagung komersial karena galur double haploid menawarkan beberapa keuntungan ekonomi, logistik dan genetik dibandingkan galur bawaan konvensional. Dalam dua sampai tiga dekade terakhir, teknologi double haploid telah muncul sebagai alternatif yang efisien untuk metode tradisional pengembangan galur bawaan. Teknologi ini pada dasarnya mengambil sampel gamet pemisah dari plasma nutfah sumber, biasanya persilangan biparental atau populasi, dan menghasilkan galur homozigot sepenuhnya dalam satu langkah. Metode in vitro dan in vivo dapat digunakan untuk mengembangkan galur double haploid jagung. Namun, metode in vivo telah terbukti lebih andal dan efisien dalam produksi galur double haploid skala besar dan karena itu umumnya digunakan dalam jagung (Chaikam et.al 2019).

Prosedur Pengamatan Stomata Tanaman Jagung Haploid dan Diploid

Lesty Ayu Bidhari

Balai Penelitian Tanaman Serealia

Stomata merupakan organ penting bagi tumbuhan. Stomata merupakan organ fotosintesis yang berfungsi secara fisiologis terutama untuk transpirasi dan respirasi selama proses fotosintesis (Palit, 2008). Kerapatan stomata pada tanaman jagung berkorelasi positifdengan intensitas penyakit bulai (Agustamia et al. 2016). Stomata terdapat pada permukaan atas dan bawah daun, namun jumlahnya berbeda.Pada sebagian besar tanaman, jumlah stomata lebih banyak di permukaan bawah daun di bandingkan dengan atas (Campbell et al. 1999). Karakter-karakter penting yang terkait stomata antara lain: seperti jumlah, kerapatan, ukuran, bentuk, panjang-lebar sel penjaga, jumlah kloroplas, jumlah klorofil. Jumlah dan kerapatan stomata sangat dipengaruhi intensitas cahaya, semakin tinggi intensitasnya maka semakin banyak stomata pada kedua permukaan daun (Meriko dan Abizar, 2017). Mengukur panjang sel pelindung stomata adalah metode yang cepat dan akurat untuk mengklasifikasikan tanaman haploid dan diploid (Przywara et al., 1988).Teknik pengangkatan stomata mulai dari cara sederhana menggunakan pewarna kuku hingga penggunaan bahan kimia dan pembuatan preparat permanen sudah banyak dilaporkan. Pewarna kuku yang diulaskan pada permukaan daun sering digunakan untuk mengangkat stomata. Dengan pewarna kuku tersebut, stomata dapat dipertahankan tetap terbuka (Taluta et al. 2017). Prinsip dasar pengamatan stomata adalah dengan mengamati hasil pengambilan epidermis daun dibawah mikroskop.